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The Citadel of Hanoi was the former residence of Vietnamese monarchs dating back to the 'Dai Viet'—the period of great Vietnamese dynasties when the city was known as Thang Long.<br/><br/> The citadel was constructed by the Ly Dynasty in 1010 CE and remained the seat of the Vietnamese court until 1810, when Hue became the capital city. The royal palaces and other various structures were largely destroyed by the colonial French in the late 19th century.<br/><br/> During the Vietnam War (American War), the North Vietnamese military command under General Giap had its headquarters in the citadel in a building known as D67. An underground tunnel enabled the military to flee in case of a raid.<br/><br/> Construction work for the National Assembly building in 2003 uncovered large remains of the citadel dating back to Thang Long, some of which are now exhibited in the Vietnamese History Museum. In 2010, the citadel was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as 'The Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long—Hanoi'.
The hexagonal Cot Co Flag Tower was rebuilt by Emperor Gia Long of the Nguyen Dynasty in 1803 as a symbol of Nguyen power in the north. The tower is an important symbol of both Hanoi and the Vietnamese armed forces.
The Hanoi Citadel was constructed in 1010 by Emperor Ly Thai To of the Ly Dynasty. He moved the capital from Hoa Lu to Thang Long, the modern day Hanoi.
The hexagonal Cot Co Flag Tower was rebuilt by Emperor Gia Long of the Nguyen Dynasty in 1803 as a symbol of Nguyen power in the north. The tower is an important symbol of both Hanoi and the Vietnamese armed forces.
The Tonkin Campaign (French: Campagne du Tonkin) was an armed conflict fought between June 1883 and April 1886 by the French against, variously, the Vietnamese, Liu Yongfu's Black Flag Army and the Chinese Guangxi and Yunnan armies to occupy Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and entrench a French protectorate there.<br/><br/> The campaign, complicated in August 1884 by the outbreak of the Sino-French War and in July 1885 by the Can Vuong nationalist uprising in Annam, which required the diversion of large numbers of French troops, was conducted by the Tonkin Expeditionary Corps, supported by the gunboats of the Tonkin Flotilla. The campaign officially ended in April 1886, when the expeditionary corps was reduced in size to a division of occupation, but Tonkin was not effectively pacified until 1896.